Sweden 59 suicide attempters (25 men and 34 women): non-suicidal depressed patients ( n = 17) and healthy controls ( n = 14) Īsses the association between suicide attempt, vitamin D, and inflammatory changesĬalcidiol was measured in plasma using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)ĭiagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) as schizoaffective disorder ( n = 2), Psychotic Disorder ( n = 1), Major Depressive Disorder ( n = 10), Bipolar I Disorder ( n = 3), Bipolar II Disorder Observational studies associating vitamin D, depression, and suicidal behavior. Depression: A Significant Risk Factor for Suicide and Suicide Attempt These bioactive mechanisms offer an intriguing possibility of the epidemiological associations between vitamin D deficiencies and psychiatric disorders such as depression. Additionally, preclinical studies indicating vitamin D deficiency in early life affect neuronal differentiation, axonal connectivity, dopamine ontogeny, and brain structure and function. Therefore, vitamin D could has similar functions to other neurosteroids and may have autocrine/paracrine properties in the human brain. Moreover, CYP27B1 and VDR have been prominently reported in the hypothalamus and the large (presumably dopaminergic) neurons within the substantia nigra. Indeed, in experimental rodent models, vitamin D has direct neuroprotective actions and can reduce some biomarkers of brain aging, i.e., optimal levels of vitamin D stabilize myelin structure and enhance synaptic vesicle recycling and transcription factors facilitating cognitive processes. Some authors have demonstrated possible cognitive-enhancing effects of vitamin D, which may reflect a direct action in the brain rather than a result of secondary systemic effects. Therefore, vitamin D can perform several brain immunoregulatory functions. Vitamin D Sources and References LevelsĪlthough VDR was initially identified in tissues related to calcium and phosphorus homeostasis (intestine, bones, kidneys, and parathyroid gland), it is now recognized that VDR is also present in brain cells (astrocytes, microglia, and neurons) and immune system cells (T cells, B cells, and macrophages). Studies with a small sample size (<20) were excluded because of low statistical power. Further screening of studies was conducted by reading the full text of the papers according to the aim of this review. However, complementary bibliography beyond the established keywords was also considered. The search strategy was performed based on the following keywords: “depression”, “mood disorder”, “suicide attempt” “suicide”, “vitamin D”, “vitamin D intake”, “dietary vitamin D”, “vitamin D deficiency”, “calcidiol”, “calcitriol”, “vitamin D receptor”, “vitamin D supplementation”, “neurotransmitters”, “serotonin”, “inflammation”, and “neuroinflammation”. Titles and abstracts were considered for full-text review. The included studies were mainly original articles, narrative reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, and the language was restricted to English. The present narrative review shows the potential pathogenic role of vitamin D deficiency in depression and suicide and the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation to reduce their risk.Ī search was conducted using the PubMed/MEDLINE electronic database without restrictions on publication dates. Among the beneficial mechanisms of vitamin D, it has been proposed that it may enhance serotonin synthesis and modulate proinflammatory cytokines since low serotonin levels and systemic inflammation have been associated with depression and suicide. Several studies have reported that vitamin D deficiency may be a relevant risk factor for depression, and vitamin D supplementation has shown promising effects in the adjunctive treatment of this mood disorder. The complex interaction between different factors causes suicide however, depression is one of the most frequent factors in people who have attempted suicide. Therefore, suicide is a public health issue. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), every year, more than 700 thousand people die from this cause. Suicide is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |